Dua orang gila sedang berbincang di rumah sakit jiwa, salah satunya berkata, "Aku telah memutuskan untuk menyerahkan adik perempuanku untuk menikah denganmu begitu kita keluar dari sini." Lelaki lainnya berkata, "Jangan, terima kasih. Tidak boleh demikian." Dia bertanya, "Kenapa?" Lelaki itu menjawab, "Karena, menurut tradisi keluarga kami hanya boleh menikahi sanak keluarga. Kami tidak dapat menikah dengan orang luar." Lelaki satunya lagi bertanya, "Bagaimana mungkin ada kebiasan keluarga yang demikian?" Dia berkata, "Yah begitulah, nenekku kawin dengan kakekku. Ibuku kawin dengan ayahku, adikku kawin dengan adik iparku, dan seterusnya. Bagaimana dapat aku menikahi adikmu?"
Sabtu, 01 November 2014
Menunggangi Kuda
Ada seorang lelaki yang diminta untuk menunggangi kuda tapi dia tidak ingin melakukannya, karena dia merasa ragu. Pemilik kuda tersebut memberitahukannya, "Jangan khawatir. Kuda ini telah terlatih dengan amat baik, dan ia sungguh lembut. Ia akan membawamu ke sana, sampai seberang bukit dan ia akan membawamu kembali dengan sendirinya secara otomatis. Ia tahu jalannya secara bolak-balik - tidak ada masalah." Lalu, penunggang kuda yang panik itu berkata, "Oke." Tapi sebelum dia menungganginya, sang pemilik kuda berkata padanya, "Hanya ada dua hal yang perlu kamu lakukan: Jika kamu ingin kuda ini berjalan ke depan, katakan, "Terima kasih Tuhan." Dan jika kamu ingin dia berhenti, katakan, "Halleluyah". Kemudian, sekitar satu jam, mereka berjalan tanpa ada masalah, tetapi tiba-tiba mereka hampir sampai di tebing bukit. Kuda itu mulai meluncur dengan sangat cepat turun ke bukit dan mereka hampir mencapai tebing. Lelaki itu menjadi panik sekali dan lalu dia teringat. Dia berkata, "Halleluyah" dan kuda itu langsung berhenti di sana, tepat di ujung tebing. "Oh, syukurlah," lelaki tersebut menghela nafas lega, "Terima kasih Tuhan."
Azwar Rasmin - Di manakah Kalian, Pemudaku?
Di mana kalian wahai para pemudaku
Kalian biarkan ibu merana terlalu lama
Kalian biarkan ibu dijamah dan diperkosa oleh mereka
Kalian biarkan ibu menanggung malu di badan
Di manakah kalian wahai para pemudaku
Rumah tinggal kita sudah digadai oleh mereka
Harta-harta kita telah dirampok oleh mereka
Sisa sampahnya ditumpahkan berhamburan di jalan oleh mereka
Tanpa belas kasih dan tanpa tanggung jawab
Di manakah kalian wahai para pemudaku
Sudah puluhan tahun lebih
Kalian kucari ke mana-mana
Hingga hampir lumpuh kaki ini
Kutanyakan kepada siapapun
Kupajang namamu di mana-mana
Aku mencari anakku para Pemuda Indonesiaku
Di manakah kalian wahai para pemudaku
Aku sungguh merindukan kalian
Aku ingin memeluk kalian
Aku hanya ingin menatap mata kalian
Aku hanya ingin menagih sumpahmu
Wahai para pemuda indonesiaku
dari aku ibu pertiwi indonesia
Dhena Maysar Aslam - Pelabuhan Hidup
Gelap yang kelam akan tiba dengan sendirinya
Raga dan ruhmu akan lepas sejenak melayang menjadi mimpi
Kibasan angin gelap merasuk menusuk setiap rongga kehidupan
Perlahan namun sengit, menjamahi apa yang ada
Terlupa sudah memori palsu itu
Hanya terlewat takkan abadi
Jiwa murka selalu ditengahi suka
Perangai buruk akan terbentuk
Kelam berubah
Muram kalah
Suram tak terjamah
Tanda mulai mengatas
Imaji jadi pasti
Teori akan jadi kondisi sesungguhnya
Terpikir dan terukir di pelipis mata
Hilang sekejap namun akan kembali mengenda
Direct and Indirect Speech
What is Direct Speech?
l Consider the following sentence:
Rama said : ' A fine lesson will be taught to the wicked Ravana.'
The given sentence is in direct speech.
Here the exact words of the speaker have been put within quotation marks.
There is a colon after 'said'.
The first word inside the quotation marks starts with a capital letter.
What is an indirect speech then?
• Let's consider the indirect speech of the sentence under consideration ,
Rama said (that) a fine lesson would be taught to the wicked Ravana.
In Indirect speech
• The quotation marks as well as the colon after said are removed.
• The conjunction “that” introduces to us the words (not exact) spoken by the speaker. However the latest trend is to drop 'that'
RULES FOR CHANGING DIRECT INTO INDIRECT SPEECH
n Get one thing straight-you do not have to learn the rules by heart. Simply understand what they ask you to do and apply the same in converting a sentence from direct to indirect
n RULE ONE:-If in direct speech you find say/says or will say then DO NOT CHANGE THE TENSE that you can find within the quotation marks
EXAMPLES-RULE ONE
n I say ' I am elated”
n I say I am elated
n He says,” I was a fool then”
n He says he was a fool then.
n She says,” I will be more experienced then”
n She says she will be more experienced then
n I will say,” He loves cricket”
n I will say he loves cricket
n She will say,” He was in the land of nod then”
n She will say he was in the land of nod then.
n They will say,” We will achieve greatness”
n They will say we will achieve greatness.
RULE TWO
• If in direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action then RULE ONE is followed or in other words the tense inside the quotation marks is not changed at all.. For e.g.
• The teacher said,” The sun rises in the east”
The teacher said the sun rises in the east
RULE THREE
* If there is 'said' in the direct speech then the tense of the words inside quotation marks is changed to the past tense.
* I said,” I am suffering from a fit of ennui”
* I said I was suffering from a fit of ennui.
Help List one
o Words indicating nearness are changed into words showing distance
o Here-there tomorrow-the next/following day
o This-that yesterday-the previous day
o These-those the next week-the following week
o Today-that day now-then
o Tonight-that night
Help List Two
o The following changes in the tense need to be considered
o Is/am-was
o Are-were
o Is (sleeping)-was (sleeping)
o Are (sleeping)-were (sleeping)
o Has/have killed-had killed
o Was/were laughing-had been laughing
o Can-could; will-would; shall-should; may-might
o Did-had done
Rule 3 --Some examples
• I said,” My mother cooks well”
I said my mother cooked well.
She said, “ I am reading a whodunit now”
She said she was reading a whodunit then.
He said,” I killed an ant”
He said he had killed an ant.
We said ,” They have done their job”
We said they had done their job
n She said,” We were all laughing uncontrollably”
She said they had been all laughing uncontrollably.
He said,” I can do it”
He said he could do it.
She said to me,” You may need help”
She told me I might need help.
He said ,” She will do this task quickly”
He said she would do that task quickly.
PRACTICE IS THE KEY
n DO PRACTISE AS MANY EXAMPLES AS POSSIBLE.
ONLY THEN WILL YOU BE ABLE TO USE THIS IMPORTANT AND USEFUL LANGUAGE ITEM WITH CONFIDENCE.
Conditional Sentences
Conditional Sentences are also known as Conditional Clauses or If Clauses. They are used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. There are three types of Conditional Sentences.
Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Conditional Sentence Type 1
→ It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Present, will-Future
Example: If I find her address, I’ll send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 2
→ It is possible but very unlikely, that the condition will be fulfilled.Form: if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
Example: If I found her address, I would send her an invitation.
Conditional Sentence Type 3
→ It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to the past.Form: if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)
Example: If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation.
Exceptions
Sometimes Conditional Sentences Type I, II and III can also be used with other tenses.Exercises on Conditional Sentences
Conditional Sentence Type 1
Conditional Sentence Type 2
Conditional Sentence Type 3
Mixed Exercises on Conditional Sentences
- Type I or II • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3
- Type I, II or III • Exercise 2 • Exercise 3
- Fairytale “The Cat and the Mouse”
- Exercise on “New Orleans” text
Exceptions
- Exercise on If Clauses Type I with Auxiliaries
- Exercise on If Clauses Type I • Exercise 2
- Exercise on If Clauses Type II
- Exercise on If Clauses Type III
Tests on Conditional Sentences
Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed either after the main verb or after the object.
An adverb of manner cannot be put between a verb and its direct object. The adverb must be placed either before the verb or at the end of the clause.
If there is a preposition before the verb's object, you can place the adverb of manner either before the preposition or after the object.
Adverbs of manner should always come immediately after verbs which have no object (intransitive verbs).
These common adverbs of manner are almost always placed directly after the verb: well, badly, hard, & fast
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a sentence. If the adverb is placed before or after the main verb, it modifies only that verb. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole action described by the clause. Notice the difference in meaning between the following sentences.
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch our attention and make us curious.
Examples
- He swims well.
- He ran quickly.
- She spoke softly.
- James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
- He plays the flute beautifully. (after the direct object)
- He ate the chocolate cake greedily. (after the direct object)
Examples
- He ate greedily the chocolate cake. [incorrect]
- He ate the chocolate cake greedily. [correct]
- He greedily ate the chocolate cake. [correct]
- He gave us generously the money. [incorrect]
- He gave us the money generously. [correct]
- He generously gave us the money. [correct]
Examples
- The child ran happily towards his mother.
- The child ran towards his mother happily.
Examples
- The town grew quickly after 1997.
- He waited patiently for his mother to arrive.
Examples
- He swam well despite being tired.
- The rain fell hard during the storm.
| Example | Meaning |
|---|---|
| She quickly agreed to re-type the letter. | the agreement is quick |
| She agreed quickly to re-type the letter. | the agreement is quick |
| She agreed to re-type the letter quickly. | the re-typing is quick |
| He quietly asked me to leave the house. | the request is quiet |
| He asked me quietly to leave the house. | the request is quiet |
| He asked me to leave the house quietly. | the leaving is quiet |
Literary usage
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis.Examples
- He gently woke the sleeping woman.
- She angrily slammed the door.
Examples
- Slowly she picked up the knife.
- Roughly he grabbed her arm.
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